5 sep
iSPEX AOT-metingen zijn ook in detail te vergelijken met de data van het AERONET meetstation in Cabauw in het Groene Hart van Nederland. Aldaar stonden ook twee goed gekalibreerde SPEX-instrumenten te meten. In de bovenste panelen van de onderstaande figuur vergelijken we de officiële AOT-waarden zoals gemeten in Cabauw met de iSPEX-metingen uit de omgeving. De oranje curves zijn de gemiddeldes van de iSPEX-metingen, en die komen goed overeen met de officiële metingen.
(c) American Geophyscial Union / Geophyscial Research Letters
De panelen daaronder bevatten informatie over de hoogte van het fijnstof in de atmosfeer, verkregen met een laser-instrument (LIDAR) ook opgesteld in Cabauw. Deze metingen laten zien dat in juli 2013 het stof voornamelijk op 2-6 kilometer hoogte in de atmosfeer zat, terwijl het op grondniveau grotendeels stofvrij was. Dit waren rookwolken van bosbranden in Noord-Amerika, die in zuidelijke richting over Nederland geblazen werden. Op 5 september was de lucht veel helderder, maar werd er wel signaal van fijnstof op leefniveau gemeten.
De onderste panelen laten zien dat we uit SPEX-metingen al de grootte en chemische samenstelling (via de brekingsindex) kunnen bepalen. Deze informatie zit in principe ook in de iSPEX-metingen. We zijn nog druk bezig om soortgelijke informatie ook uit iSPEX proberen te halen.
De grote kracht van iSPEX zit hem in de grote hoeveelheid metingen. In individuele metingen kan een behoorlijke meetfout zitten, die vooral veroorzaakt kan worden door de smartphonecamera zelf. Maar door te middelen over meerdere metingen, worden er erg nauwkeurige resultaten verkregen! De volgende grafiek laat dit zien. Alle gekleurde puntjes zijn polarisatiemetingen van individuele iSPEX-metingen, als functie van de hoek vanaf de zon. De rode curve staat voor de goed gekalibreerde meting van SPEX. Maar door alle iSPEX-metingen te middelen krijgen we de grijze curve, die dus goed overeenkomt met de SPEX-meting. Enkele tientallen iSPEX-metingen van polarisatie leveren dus dezelfde nauwkeurigheid als de professionele SPEX-meting!
(c) American Geophyscial Union / Geophyscial Research Letters
Dit betekent dat we met iSPEX nu overal nauwkeurige AOT-metingen aan fijnstof kunnen uitvoeren, mits er maar voldoende mensen meedoen! Onderstaande figuur illustreert dat voor Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Eindhoven en Groningen. Met iSPEX kunnen we dus waardevolle metingen toevoegen op plekken waar nu amper of geen grondmetingen worden uitgevoerd. En ten opzichte van satellietmetingen kunnen we veel informatie toevoegen op tijden wanneer de satelliet niet boven Nederland hangt. Een grondige analyse van de iSPEX-data laat ook zien dat in gebieden met veel metingen iSPEX-kaarten een fijnmazigheid van zo'n twee kilometer hebben. Da's een stuk beter dan de satellietbeelden die pixels van zo'n 20 kilometer hebben. Sterker nog: iSPEX-metingen zouden zelfs de satellietmetingen voor stedelijke gebieden nauwkeuriger kunnen maken! De meeste deelnemers aan het project wonen nu eenmaal in stedelijke gebieden, en dus kunnen we juist in die gebieden meer gedetailleerde informatie vergaren.
(c) American Geophyscial Union / Geophyscial Research Letters
De data (na de her-analyse) van alle metingen tijdens de meetdagen in 2013 staan vanaf nu openbaar op www.ispex.nl/data. Op deze pagina staan ook interactieve kaarten die deze data weergeven.
Dit succesvolle eerste resultaat van het iSPEX-project geeft aanleiding voor veel vervolgonderzoek en technische verbeteringen. Wij zullen komende tijd plannen maken en financiële ondersteuning zoeken voor:
- Nieuwe meetdagen bij verschillende opstandigheden, ook als het deels bewolkt is.
- Aanpassingen aan de meetprocedure zodat je niet per se de zon in je rug hoeft te hebben.
- Betere kalibraties voor de kleurcode vanuit de app, voornamelijk voor iPhone 5S.
- Verdere ontwikkeling van het opzetstukje, zodat deze ook op andere toestellen past.
- Betere toegankelijkheid van de iSPEX-data.
- Meer inzoomen op stedelijke gebieden en lokale bronnen.
- Een betere integratie met satellietdata, bijvoorbeeld door iSPEX-metingen te organiseren precies als een satelliet overkomt.
- Verdere analyse van de iSPEX-data om ook informatie over deeltjesgrootte en -samenstelling te verkrijgen.
Measurements by thousands of citizen scientists in the Netherlands using their smartphones and the iSPEX add-on are delivering accurate data on dust particles in the atmosphere that add valuable information to professional measurements. The iSPEX team, led by Frans Snik of Leiden University, analyzed all measurements from three days in 2013 and combined them into unique maps of dust particles above the Netherlands. The results match and sometimes even exceed those of ground-based measurement networks and satellite instruments.
The iSPEX maps achieve a spatial resolution as small as 2 kilometers whereas satellite data are much courser. They also fill in blind spots of established ground-based atmospheric measurement networks. The scientific article that presents these first results of the iSPEX project is being published today in Geophysical Research Letters.
The iSPEX team developed a new atmospheric measurement method in the form of a low-cost add-on for smartphone cameras [1]. The iSPEX app instructs participants to scan the blue sky while the phone’s built-in camera takes pictures through the add-on. The photos record both the spectrum and the linear polarization [2,3] of the sunlight that is scattered by suspended dust particles, and thus contain information about the properties of these particles. While such properties are difficult to measure, much better knowledge on atmospheric particles is needed to understand their effects on health, climate and air traffic.
Thousands of participants performed iSPEX measurements throughout the Netherlands on three cloud-free days in 2013. This large-scale citizen science experiment allowed the iSPEX team to verify the reliability of this new measurement method.
After a rigorous quality assessment of each submitted data point, measurements recorded in specific areas within a limited amount of time are averaged to obtain sufficient accuracy. Subsequently the data are converted to Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT), which is a standardized quantity related to the total amount of atmospheric particles. The iSPEX AOT data match comparable data from satellites and the AERONET ground station at Cabauw, the Netherlands. In areas with sufficiently high measurement densities, the iSPEX maps can even discern smaller details than satellite data.
iSPEX map compiled from all iSPEX measurements performed in the Netherlands on July 8, 2013, between 14:00 and 21:00. Each blue dot represents one of the total of 6007 measurements that were submitted that day. At each location on the map, the 50 nearest iSPEX measurements were averaged and converted to Aerosol Optical Thickness, a measure for the total amount of atmospheric particles. This map can be compared to the AOT data from the MODIS Aqua satellite, which flew over the Netherlands at 16:12 local time. The relatively high AOT values were caused by smoke clouds from forest fires in North America, that were blown over the Netherlands at an altitude of 2-4 km. In the course of the day, the northerly winds brought clearer air to the northern provinces.
iSPEX maps compiled from all iSPEX measurements performed in the Netherlands on September 5, 2013, between 7:00-14:00 and 14:00-21:00. Each orange dot represents one of the total of 2444 measurements that were submitted that day. The skies were relatively clear that day. At regional scales, patches of aerosol at ground level are discerned, which are blown in northeast direction. Some of these patches have a probable origin in Germany and France.
Team leader Snik: "This proves that our new measurement method works. But the great strength of iSPEX is the measurement philosophy: the establishment of a citizen science network of thousands of enthusiastic volunteers who actively carry out outdoor measurements. In this way, we can collect valuable information about atmospheric particles on locations and/or at times that are not covered by professional equipment. These results are even more accurate than we had hoped, and give rise to further research and development. We are currently investigating to what extent we can extract more information about atmospheric particles from the iSPEX data, like their sizes and compositions. And of course, we want to organize many more measurement days."
With the help of a grant that supports public activities in Europe during the International Year of Light 2015, the iSPEX team is now preparing for the international expansion of the project. This expansion provides opportunities for national and international parties to join the project. Snik: "Our final goal is to establish a global network of citizen scientists who all contribute measurements to study the sources and societal effects of polluting atmospheric particles."
The iSPEX citizen science project is a collaboration between Dutch research institutes [4] and thousands of volunteers (www.ispex.nl/en/participants). The scientists behind the iSPEX project are all involved in studying the atmospheres of the Earth, other solar-system planets and planets around other stars (exoplanets).
Footnotes:
- The iSPEX add-on currently fits on the iPhones 4, 4S, 5 and 5S.
- Polarization is a fundamental property of light and describes the preferential direction of the electric field of the light wave. Direct sunlight is unpolarized. Sunlight that has been scattered by molecules or dust particles becomes polarized. This polarization is highest for the blue sky at 90 degrees scattering angle from the sun. The degree of polarization decreases with increasing particle densities, and the exact polarization properties depend strongly on particle properties like the size and composition.
- The polarization measurement principle of iSPEX is derived from developments in astronomy and space research. The optical implementation of iSPEX was invented for the prototype of the SPEX satellite instrument to record highly accurate aerosol data on a global scale. The robust polarization measurement solution for a satellite instrument also proved simple enough for use with smartphones, and consists of a series of static optical elements (quarter-wave retarder, multiple-order retarder and polarizer) that can also be made of plastic.
- The iSPEX project is a collaboration between Leiden University, the Dutch Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space research, KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, and RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, all in The Netherlands. LU/NOVA hosts the project management team and is responsible for the development of the iSPEX add-on and app. SRON developed the off-line data reduction pipeline. KNMI provided weather forecast, and analyzed comparative ground-based and satellite data. RIVM leads the application of SPEX and iSPEX instrumentation for ground-based air quality measurements.
The project partners Longfonds, CNG Net, KIJK and Avantes helped recruiting participants. The iSPEX add-ons were produced by Bright Led Solutions, and the app was programmed by DDQ. The iSPEX project was supported by the €100’000 award from the Academische Jaarprijs 2012.
Images and animations: www.ispex.nl/gallery
There is a new version of iSPEX : https://ispex.pocket.science